The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway

Ecological flows and biological diversity trace broad patterns across the landscape, whereas transportation planning for human mobility traditionally focuses on a narrow strip close to a road or highway. To help, close this gap, we examined the "road-effect zone" over which significant ecological effects extend outward from a road. Nine ecological factors-involving wetlands, streams, road salt, exotic plants, moose, deer, amphibians, forest birds, and grassland birds-were measured or estimated near 25 km of a busy four-lane highway west of Boston, Massachusetts. The effects of all factors extended >100 m from the road, and moose corridors, road avoidance by grassland birds, and perhaps road salt in a shallow reservoir extended out-wards >1 km. Most factors had effects at 2-5 specific locations, whereas traffic noise apparently exerted effects along most of the road length. Creating a map, of these effects indicates that the road-effect zone averages approximately 600 m in width and is asymmetric, with convoluted boundaries and a few long fingers. We conclude that busy roads and nature reserves should be well separated, and that future transportation systems across landscapes can provide ecological flows and biological diversity in addition to safe and efficient human mobility.