Plasma membrane calcium pump: Structure, function and relationships

The plasma membrane Ca-pump (134 kDa) is stimulated by calmodulin and by other treatments (exposure to acidic phospholipids, treatments with proteases, phosphorylation by protein kinases A or C, self-association to form oligomers). It is the product of four genes (in humans), but additional isoforms originate through alternative mRNA spicing. Most of the pump mass protrudes into the cytoplasm with three main units. The calmodulin binding domain is located in the C-terminal protruding unit. The domain is a positively charged segment of about 25 residues. The calcium-activated protease calpain activates the pump by removing its calmodulin binding domain and the portion C-terminal to it. The-resulting 124 KDa fragment has been used to test the suggestion of an autoinhibitory function of the calmodulin binding domain. The latter interacts with two domains of the pump, one located close to the active site in the mid-cytoplasmic protruding unit, the other in the first (N-terminal) protruding unit. The isoforms of the pump show variations in the regulatory domains, e.g., alternative mRNA splicing can eliminate the domain phosphorylated by protein kinase A, or alter the sensitivity of the pump to calmodulin. This occurs by inserting sequences rich in His between calmodulin binding subdomains A and B. The inserted domain(s) confer pH sensitivity to the binding of calmodulin. Calcium binding sites have been found in acidic regions preceding and following the calmodulin binding domain.