Brain cytosolic phospholipase A2:: Localization, role, and involvement in neurological diseases

Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) hydrolyzes the arachidonoyl group from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids generating arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. The products of the cPLA(2)-catalyzed reaction act as second messengers themselves or further metabolize to eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and lysophosphatidic acid. cPLA(2) has not been purified from brain tissue. Immunocytochemical studies have indicated that cPLA(2) is expressed in neurons and astrocytes, The hindbrain and spinal cord contain dense immunoreactivity for cPLA(2). Activity and immunoreactivity of cPLA(2) are markedly increased in ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and kainic acid neurotoxicity. This increase in cPLA(2) activity and immunoreactivity is accompanied by marked alterations in neural membrane phospholipid composition and the accumulation of lipid peroxides and eicosanoids. At present, it is not known whether the increased activity and immunoreactivity of cPLA(2) in neural trauma (e.g,, in ischemia) and neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer's disease) is the cause or effect of neurodegeneration. Recent studies on the role of this enzyme in brain tissue suggest that cPLA(2) may be involved in synaptic plasticity, generation of second messengers, axon regeneration, and neurodegeneration.