Inhibitory Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Dieckol Isolated from Marine Brown Alga on COX-2 and iNOS in Microglial Cells

To identify the neuroprotective effect of dieckol, a hexameric compound of phloroglucinol isolated from marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, this study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglia and elucidated the molecular mechanism. The results showed that dieckol suppresses LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner, without causing cytotoxicity. It also significantly reduced the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Moreover, dieckol significantly reduced LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Taken together, the inhibition of LPS-induced NO and PGE(2) production might be due to the suppression of NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK signal pathway and, at least in part, by inhibiting the generation of ROS. Hence, these effects of dieckol might assist therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases that are accompanied by microglial activation.