Probing synergism, antagonism, and additive effects in poly(vinyl ester) (PVE) composites with fire retardants

Potential fire retardants, including copper hydroxy dodecyl sulfate (CHDS), organically-modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 15A), and resorcinol di-phosphate (RDP), were added to pure poly(vinyl ester) (PVE) individually or in combinations at low concentration formulations. Thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry were used to study the thermal stability and fire performance of the composites. Synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects were observed depending on the specific formulation. Time to self-sustained combustion is greatly reduced, but the flame extinguishes faster, for the composites containing CHDS alone or in combination with either RDP or Cloisite 15A compared to the virgin polymer. The presence of copper in PVE composites containing additive, CHDS, may be responsible for the enhanced thermal stability and fire performance. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.