GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex: localization, development and pathological implications

被引:260
作者
Conti, F [1 ]
Minelli, A [1 ]
Melone, M [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Politecn Marche, Sez Fisiol, Dipartimento Neurosci, Via Tronto 10-A, I-60020 Ancona, Italy
关键词
amino acid neurotransmitters; neurotransmitter uptake; neurons; glia; inhibitory synapses;
D O I
10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.03.003
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
The extracellular levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl- dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have been identified using molecular cloning. Of these, GAT-1 and -3 are expressed in the cerebral cortex. Studies of the cortical distribution, cellular localization, ontogeny and relationships of GATs with GABA-releasing elements using a variety of light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques have shown that: (i) a fraction of GATs is strategically placed to mediate GABA uptake at fast inhibitory synapses, terminating GABA's action and shaping inhibitory postsynaptic responses; (ii) another fraction may participate in functions such as the regulation of GABA's diffusion to neighboring synapses and of GABA levels in cerebrospinal fluid; (iii) GATs may play a role in the complex processes regulating cortical maturation; and (iv) GATs may contribute to the dysregulation of neuronal excitability that accompanies at least two major human diseases: epilepsy and ischemia. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:196 / 212
页数:17
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