Soluble endoglin production is upregulated by oxysterols but not quenched by pravastatin in primary placental and endothelial cells

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication. Soluble endoglin (sEng) is released from the placenta and contributes to the maternal endothelial dysfunction seen in preeclampsia. Recently oxysterols, which activate the Liver X Receptor (LXR), have been implicated in producing sEng, by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14; cleaves endoglin to produce sEng) and down-regulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3; inhibitor of MMP14). The functional experiments in that study were performed on JAR cells (human choriocarcinoma cell line) and placental explants. Methods: We characterized LXR in severe preeclamptic placentas, and assessed whether oxysterols increase release of sEng from primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), primary trophoblasts and placental explants. Given pravastatin is thought to block oxysterol production and inhibit the LXR, we examined whether pravastatin reduces sEng release. Results: LXR alpha and beta were localized to the syncytiotrophoblast and villous tips and were significantly upregulated in preeclamptic placenta. Oxysterols upregulated sEng production in HUVECs and placental explants although the increases were far more modest than that recently reported. Oxysterols did not upregulate sEng in primary trophoblasts. Furthermore, mRNA expression of MMP14 and TIMP-3 were not altered by oxysterols in any tissue. Surprisingly, pravastatin did not decrease oxysterol-induced upregulation of sEng. Discussion: LXR is up-regulated in preeclamptic placenta. Oxysterols upregulate sEng production from human tissues, but the increase is modest, suggesting this may not be the main mechanism for the very significant elevations in sEng seen in preeclampsia. Pravastatin does not decrease sEng production. Conclusion: Oxysterols modestly up-regulate sEng production which is not quenched by pravastatin. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.