Chemokine regulation of neutrophil function in surgical inflammation

Background: Morbidity and even mortality correlate closely with major injury that causes a systemic inflammatory response. Cytokines and bioactive molecules present at the inflammatory sire induce this response and regulate neutrophil proinflammatory responses. The CXC chemokines, important for neutrophil recruitment and activation, include interleukin 8 (IL-8), granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2), and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant 78 (ENA-78). They induce neutrophil responses via 2 cell-surface receptors, CXCR-1 and CXCR-2. All 3 chemokines bind CXCR-2 with high affinity. Only IL-8 and GCP-2 bind CXCR-1 with high affinity. Hypothesis: The CXC chemokines regulate neutrophil responses differently. Methods: Pretreatment of neutrophils from healthy volunteers with IL-8, GCP-2, or ENA-78; measured IL-8 induced migration; and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced peroxide production. Results: Flow cytometry and radioligand binding data indicate that IL-8, GCP-2, and ENA-78 equivalently reduced CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 cell surface expression by 34% to 54%. All treatments decreased affinity of both receptors 1.5- to 2-fold. However, only IL-8 pretreatment inhibited chemotaxis to 10-nmol/L IL-8 (mean +/- SE inhibition, 62% +/- 6%). Although IL-8 and GCP-2, but not ENA-78, suppressed TNF-alpha-induced oxidant production (mean +/- SE inhibition, 42% +/- 8% and 40% +/- 23%, respectively), only GCP-2 inhibited the oxidative response to complement fragment C5a, and to the bacterial cell wall peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine. Conclusions: The CXC chemokines regulate neutrophil proinflammatory functions differently. A thorough understanding of mechanisms for modulating neutrophil responses in inflammation will aid the development of interventions that reduce morbidity and mortality associated with severe trauma and sepsis.