A unified perspective on the dynamics of axisymmetric hurricanes and monsoons

This paper provides a unified perspective on the dynamics of hurricane- and monsoonlike vortices by identifying them as specific limiting cases of a more general flow system. This more general system is defined as stationary axisymmetric balanced flow of a stably stratified non-Boussinesq atmosphere on the f plane. The model is based on the primitive equations assuming gradient wind balance in the radial momentum equation. The flow is forced by heating in the vortex center, which is implemented as relaxation toward a specified equilibrium temperature T-e. The flow is dissipated through surface friction, and it is assumed to be almost inviscid in the interior. The heating is assumed supercritical, which means that Te does not allow a regular thermal equilibrium solution with zero surface wind, and which gives rise to a cross-vortex secondary circulation. Numerical solutions are obtained using time stepping to a steady state, where at each step the Eliassen secondary circulation is diagnosed as part of the solution Reality and regularity of the solution is discussed, putting this work in relation to previous work. Scaling analysis suggests that for a given geometry, essential vortex properties are controlled by the ratio F = alpha(T)/c(D), where alpha(T) is the rate of thermal relaxation and c(D) quantifies the strength of surface friction for a given surface wind. For large F, the temperature is close to T-e and the vortex shows properties that can be associated with a hurricane including strong cyclonic surface winds. On the other hand, for small F, the vortex shows properties that can be associated with a monsoon; that is, the surface winds are small and the secondary circulation keeps the temperature significantly away from Te. The scaling analysis is verified by numerical solutions spanning a wide range of the parameter space. It is shown how the two limiting cases correspond with the respective approximate semianalytical theories presented previously. The results imply an important role of alpha(T) for hurricane formation.