Molecular epidemiology of a nosocomial outbreak due to SHV-4-producing strains of Citrobacter diversus

Over a 6-month period, eight strains of Citrobacter diversus (Citrobacter koseri) resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams were isolated from seven colonized and/or infected patients from the same intensive care unit, All strains harbored a single large conjugative plasmid which mediated an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase of the SHV-4 type (ceftazidimase phenotype; enzyme pi, 7.8; plasmid DNA hybridization with a bla(SHV)-specific probe), All strains were characterized by antibiotic resistance pattern analysis, beta-lactamase content analysis, plasmid profiling, ribotyping with EcoRI, and arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR with primers O8 and O12. Among the eight C. diversus strains, strains Cd5 to Cd12, six isolates (isolates Cd6 to Cd11) were identical by all markers; one strain (strain Cd5) differed by two markers (antibiotype and AP-PCR pattern with primer O8), and the remaining strain (strain Cd12) differed by two other markers (ribotype and AP-PCR pattern with primer O12), Our results suggest that six of the eight SHV-4-producing C. diversus strains studied (strains Cd6 to Cd11) were a single epidemic strain, Strain Cd5 could be related to the epidemic strain; the origin of strain Cd12 remains uncertain.