Ethanol upregulates the expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and prolongs G(1) transition via a p53-independent pathway in human epithelial cells

The control of cell cycle progression is necessary for accuracy in the replication of DNA and the distribution of genetic information to daughter cells, Disturbances in progression of the cell cycle may result in the loss of genomic integrity, a 'hallmark' of cancer cells, Extensive consumption of alcoholic beverages is a risk with the development of various associated epidermoid cancer including oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, However, effects of ethanol on cell cycle progression and on the expression of genes associated with the cell cycle have not been studied. We report here that exposure of human epithelial cells to ethanol, at concentrations (100-200 mM) that do not cause cell death, (a) does not affect or only reduces slightly the cellular level of p53 protein, (b) upregulates the transcription of the WAF1/CIP1 gene, (c) inhibits the Cdk2 activity, and (d) reduces the rate of cellular proliferation by inducing a delay in G(1) phase transition, The results also indicate that, at these non-cytotoxic concentrations, ethanol exhibits its effects through a p53-independent mechanism.