The association of smoking with vertical periodontal bone loss

Background: Knowledge about the relation between smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss is scant. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking and the prevalence and severity of vertical bone defects. Methods: Full sets of intraoral radiographs of 249 individuals in 1982 and 229 individuals in 1992 both with an age range 21 to 70 years were assessed with regard to presence or absence of vertical bone defects. A vertical defect was defined as a resorption of the interdental marginal bone greater than or equal to2 mm that had a typical angulation towards either the mesial or distal aspect of the root. Results: The prevalence of vertical defects in 1982 was 47% for current smokers, 49% for former smokers, and 24% for nonsmokers. In 1992 the prevalence was 42%, 28%, and 19% for current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers, respectively. Both in 1982 and 1992 the prevalence was significantly related to smoking status (chi(2) = 14.4 and chi(2) = 9.9, P<0.01). Furthermore, the severity of vertical defects was significantly associated with smoking after controlling for age both in 1982 and 1992 (P<0.05). The relative risk associated with current smoking was 2.0-fold increased in 1982 and 3.4-fold increased in 1992 (P <0.05). Conclusions: The observations suggest that smoking is associated with increased levels of prevalence as well as severity of vertical bone loss. Smoking is considered a potential risk factor for vertical periodontal bone loss.