Biologic effects induced in vitro by PM10 from three different zones of Mexico City

Exposure to urban airborne particles is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. There is little experimental evidence of the mechanisms involved and the role of particle composition. We assessed cytotoxicity (crystal violet assay), apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) or annexin V assay], DNA breakage (comet assay), and production of proinflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2))] (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and E-selectin (flow cytometry) in cell lines exposed to particulate matter < 10 mu m in size (PM10) obtained from the northern, central, and southern zones of Mexico City. Particle concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 160 mu g/cm(2). We used epithelial, endothelial, fibroblastic, and monocytic cells and assessed DNA damage in Balb-c cells, TNF alpha and IL-6 production in mouse monocytes, and PGE(2) in rat lung fibroblasts. We determined the expression of E-selectin in human endothelial cells and evaluated the cytotoxic potential of the PM10 samples in all cell types. PM10 from all three zones of Mexico City caused cell death, DNA breakage, and apoptosis, with particles from the north and central zones being the most toxic. All of these PM10 samples induced secretion of proinflammatory molecules, and particles from the central zone were the most potent. Endothelial cells exposed to PM10 from the three zones expressed similar E-selectin levels. Mexico City PM10 induced biologic effects dependent on the zone of origin, which could be caused by differences in the mixture or size distribution within particle samples. Our data suggest that particle composition as well as particle size should be considered in assessing the adverse effects of airborne particulate pollution.