Behavioral changes in male mice fed a high-fat diet are associated with IL-1β expression in specific brain regions

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is associated with not only increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, but cognitive deficit, depression and anxiety disorders. Obesity also leads to low-grade peripheral inflammation, which plays a major role in the development of metabolic alterations. Previous studies suggest that obesity-associated central inflammation may underlie the development of neuropsychiatric deficits, but further research is needed to clarify this relationship. We used 48 male C57BL/6J mice to investigate whether chronic consumption of a high-fat diet leads to increased expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex. We also determined whether IL-1 beta expression in those brain regions correlates with changes in the Y-maze, open field, elevated zero maze and forced swim tests. After 16 weeks on dietary treatments, HFD mice showed cognitive impairment on the Y-maze test, greater anxiety -like behavior during the open field and elevated zero maze tests, and increased depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. Hippocampal and amygdalar expression of IL-1 beta were significantly higher in HFD mice than in control mice fed a standard diet (SD). Additionally, hippocampal GFAP and Iba1 immunoreactivity were increased in HFD mice when compared to SD controls. Cognitive performance negatively correlated with level of IL-1 beta in the hippocampus and amygdala whereas an observed increase in anxiety-like behavior was positively correlated with higher expression of IL-1 beta in the amygdala. However, we observed no association between depressive -like behavior and IL-1 beta expression in any of the brain regions investigated. Together our data provide evidence that mice fed a HFD exhibit cognitive deficits, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. Our results also suggest that increased expression of in the hippocampus and amygdala may be associated with the development of cognitive deficits and anxiety-like behavior, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.