Why are the effects of money-supply shocks asymmetric? Convex aggregate supply or ''pushing on a string''?

This paper examines whether the asymmetric effect of money on output is an international phenomenon and investigates the reasons for this asymmetry. Annual data from the 1950-1990 period for a panel of 38 countries strongly support asymmetry internationally negative money-supply shocks are shown to have a stronger effect on output than positive shocks (whose effect is often statistically insignificant). Next, the paper distinguishes between two types of theories that are consistent with the observed output effects: the convex aggregate supply and the ''pushing on a string'' views, that predict that money shocks have different asymmetric effects on prices. Somewhat surprisingly, however, the effects of money on prices are shown to be symmetric. This finding is consistent with both theories being operative.