Effects of shear stress on [Ca2+]i and membrane potential of vascular endothelium of intact rat blood vessels

Shear stress is an important modulator of endothelial function which can affect vessel tone, endothelial morphology and gene transcription. However, the mechanism by which the endothelium detects changes in shear stress is the subject of conflicting reports. The possible contributions of changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and of membrane hyperpolarisation are disputed. Here we have investigated the effects of shear stress on these variables in native endothelium in situ in rat aorta and hepatic portal vein. Endothelial [Ca2+](i) was recorded using the fluorescent indicator fura-2. The [Ca2+](i) in unstimulated rat aortic endothelium was 86 +/- 12 nM (n = 9). acetylcholine (ACh) evoked relaxation of the aorta and a biphasic increase in endothelial [Ca2+](i). Shear stress that evoked relaxation comparable to that evoked by ACh did not affect the endothelial [Ca2+](i). Endothelial membrane potential was recorded using the patch clamp technique. The resting membrane potentials of rat aortic and portal vein endothelium were -47 +/- 3.8 mV (n = 14) and -68 +/- 4.5 mV (n = 9), respectively. Shear stress did not affect the endothelial membrane potential of rat aorta, but evoked a small (-1.6 +/- 0.3 mV, n = 9) hyperpolarisation of the endothelium of rat portal vein in all preparations studied. These results suggest that neither changes in [Ca2+](i) nor hyperpolarisation are involved in the reception of shear stress by native rat aortic endothelium in situ, but that shear stress induces small hyperpolarisations of endothelium of portal vein, a mechanism that may be present and of greater physiological significance in other parts of vascular system.