Phosphorylation of the enteropathogenic E-coli receptor by the Src-family kinase c-Fyn triggers actin pedestal formation

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes diarrhoeal disease worldwide(1). Pathogen adherence to host cells induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into 'pedestal-like' pseudopods beneath the extracellular bacteria(2). This requires two bacterial virulence factors that mimic a ligand-receptor interaction. EPEC delivers its own receptor, the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), into the target cell plasma membrane, which is phosphorylated on interaction with the bacterial surface protein intimin(3). Tir phosphorylated on Tyr 474 (ref. 4) binds the cellular adaptor Nck(5,6), triggering actin polymerization(7). Nevertheless, despite its critical role, the mechanism of Tir Tyr 474 phosphorylation remains unknown. Here, by artificially uncoupling Tir delivery and activity, we show that Tir phosphorylation and Nck-dependent pedestal formation require the Src-family kinase (SFK) c-Fyn. SFK inhibitors prevent Tyr 474 phosphorylation, and cells lacking c-fyn are resistant to pedestal formation. c-Fyn exclusively phosphorylates clustered Tir in vitro, and kinase knockdown suppresses Tir phosphorylation and pedestal formation in cultured cells. These results identify the transient interaction with host c-Fyn as a pivotal link between bacterial Tir and the cellular Nck-WASP-Arp2/3 cascade, illuminating a tractable experimental system in which to dissect tyrosine kinase signalling.