Dynamics of intramolecular recognition: Base-pairing in DNA/RNA near and far from equilibrium

The physics of the base-pairing interaction in DNA and RNA molecules plays a fundamental role in biology. Past experimental and theoretical research has led to a fairly complete and quantitative understanding of the equilibrium properties such as different phases, the melting behaviour, and the response to slow stretching. The non-equilibrium behaviour is even richer than might be expected on the basis of thermodynamics. However, the non-equilibrium behaviour is also far less understood. Here, we review different theoretical approaches to the study of base-pairing thermodynamics and kinetics, and illustrate the rich phenomenology with several examples that use these approaches.