Binding to chaperones allows import of a purified mitochondrial precursor into mitochondria

Refolding of the acid-unfolded precursor to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (pmAAT) is inhibited when cytosolic Hsc70 is included in the refolding reaction (Artigues, A., Iriarte, A., and Martinez-Carrion, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16852-16861). At low molar excess of Hsc70 pmAAT is recovered in insoluble aggregates containing equal amounts of Hsc70. However, in the presence of a large excess of Hsc70, refolding of pmAAT is still arrested, but the enzyme remains in solution. Similar behavior was observed with two other cytosolic chaperones, bovine Hsp90 and yeast Ydj1. Co-immunoprecipitation of pmAAT using Hsc70 antibodies confirmed the formation of soluble Hsc70-pmAAT complexes at high concentrations of the chaperone. Data from analytical centrifugation, sedimentation in glycerol gradients, and partial purification of the soluble complexes indicate that multiple Hsc70 molecules bind per pmAAT polypeptide chain. The absence of catalytic activity together with the protease susceptibility of pmAAT bound to Hsc70, Hsp90, or Ydj1 suggest that these chaperones bind and maintain pmAAT in a partially unfolded state, analogous to the import-competent conformation of the protein synthesized in cell-free extracts. Remarkably, the purified pmAAT bound to Hsc70 or Ydj1, but not to Hsp90, is imported by isolated mitochondria in a reticulocyte lysate-dependent manner. Thus, both Hsc70 and Ydj1 can trap an import-competent folding intermediate of pmAAT, but productive binding and import into mitochondria require the collaboration of additional cytosolic factors from the lysate.