Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation

被引:559
作者
Achilli, Andrea [1 ]
Cath, Tzahi Y. [2 ]
Childress, Amy E. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Nevada, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA
[2] Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA
关键词
Forward osmosis; Pressure retarded osmosis; Salinity power; Power density; Concentration polarization; INTERNAL CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION; SPACER GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS; REVERSE-OSMOSIS; MASS-TRANSFER; CONCENTRATED BRINES; MEMBRANE PROCESSES; FILLED CHANNELS; CROSS-FLOW; WATER; ENERGY;
D O I
10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006
中图分类号
TQ [化学工业];
学科分类号
0817 ;
摘要
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) was investigated as a viable source of renewable energy. In PRO, water from a low salinity feed solution permeates through a membrane into a pressurized, high salinity draw solution; power is obtained by depressurizing the permeate through a hydroturbine. A PRO model was developed to predict water flux and power density under specific experimental conditions. The model relies on experimental determination of the membrane water permeability coefficient (A), the membrane salt permeability coefficient (B), and the solute resistivity (K). A and B were determined under reverse osmosis conditions, while K was determined under forward osmosis (FO) conditions. The model was tested using experimental results from a bench-scale PRO system. Previous investigations of PRO were unable to verify model predictions due to the lack of suitable membranes and membrane modules. In this investigation, the use of a custom-made laboratory-scale membrane module enabled the collection of experimental PRO data. Results obtained with a flat-sheet cellulose triacetate (CTA) FO membrane and NaCl feed and draw solutions closely matched model predictions. Maximum power densities of 2.7 and 5.1 W/m(2) were observed for 35 and 60 g/L NaCl draw solutions, respectively, at 970 kPa of hydraulic pressure. Power density was substantially reduced due to internal concentration polarization in the asymmetric CTA membranes and, to a lesser degree, to salt passage. External concentration polarization was found to exhibit a relatively small effect on reducing the osmotic pressure driving force. Using the predictive PRO model, optimal membrane characteristics and module configuration can be determined in order to design a system specifically tailored for PRO processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:42 / 52
页数:11
相关论文
共 32 条
[1]  
Aaberg R.J., 2003, Refocus, V4, P48, DOI DOI 10.1016/S1471-0846(04)00045-9
[2]   The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to MBR processes [J].
Achilli, Andrea ;
Cath, Tzahi Y. ;
Marchand, Eric A. ;
Childress, Amy E. .
DESALINATION, 2009, 239 (1-3) :10-21
[3]   Membrane contactor processes for wastewater reclamation in space Part I. Direct osmotic concentration as pretreatment for reverse osmosis [J].
Cath, TY ;
Gormly, S ;
Beaudry, EG ;
Flynn, MT ;
Adams, VD ;
Childress, AE .
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 2005, 257 (1-2) :85-98
[4]   Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments [J].
Cath, Tzahi Y. ;
Childress, Amy E. ;
Elimelech, Menachem .
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 2006, 281 (1-2) :70-87
[5]   A novel approach for modeling concentration polarization in crossflow membrane filtration based on the equivalence of osmotic pressure model and filtration theory [J].
Elimelech, M ;
Bhattacharjee, S .
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 1998, 145 (02) :223-241
[6]   State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination [J].
Fritzmann, C. ;
Loewenberg, J. ;
Wintgens, T. ;
Melin, T. .
DESALINATION, 2007, 216 (1-3) :1-76
[7]   MASS-TRANSFER IN THE MEMBRANE CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION LAYER UNDER TURBULENT CROSS FLOW .1. CRITICAL LITERATURE-REVIEW AND ADAPTATION OF EXISTING SHERWOOD CORRELATIONS TO MEMBRANE OPERATIONS [J].
GEKAS, V ;
HALLSTROM, B .
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 1987, 30 (02) :153-170
[8]   Membrane processes in energy supply for an osmotic power plant [J].
Gerstandt, Karen ;
Peinemann, K. -V. ;
Skilhagen, Stein Erik ;
Thorsen, Thor ;
Holt, Torleif .
DESALINATION, 2008, 224 (1-3) :64-70
[9]   Internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis: role of membrane orientation [J].
Gray, Gordon T. ;
McCutcheon, Jeffrey R. ;
Elimelech, Menachem .
DESALINATION, 2006, 197 (1-3) :1-8
[10]   Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate [J].
Holloway, Ryan W. ;
Childress, Amy E. ;
Dennett, Keith E. ;
Cath, Tzahi Y. .
WATER RESEARCH, 2007, 41 (17) :4005-4014