Familial hyperinsulinism and pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Familial hyperinsulinism, also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI), is a genetic disease characterized by mild to severe hypoglycemia in the presence of inappropriately high levels of insulin. The recessive form is caused by mutations in the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel (K-ATP channel) present in the plasma membrane of pancreatic beta-cells. This channel is formed by two subunits, the high-affinity sulfonyl-urea receptor, SUR1, and K(1R)6.2, a member of the inwardly rectifying family of K+ channels. K-ATP channels regulate insulin secretion by linking membrane excitability with glucose metabolism. Approximately 50 mutations, in both channel subunits, that abolish or alter the regulation of beta-cell K-ATP channels have been identified in patients with the recessive form of PHHI.