Fostering understanding of multimedia messages through pre-training: Evidence for a two-stage theory of mental model construction

Students received a narrated animation explaining the workings of a car's braking system (Experiments I and) or a bicycle tire pump (Experiment 3) and then took retention and transfer tests. Some students received pre-training concerning each of the components in the system before receiving the narrated. animation (pre-training group), whereas others received no pre-training (no pre-training group) or-only in Experiment 3-training after the narrated animation (post-training group). The pre-training described or depicted the possible states of each part. Students in the pre-training group performed better than did students in other groups on tests of transfer (in all 3 experiments) and retention (in Experiments 1 and 2). Results are consistent with a 2-stage theory of mental model construction.