Environment- and mutation-dependent aggregation behavior of Alzheimer amyloid β-protein

The deposition of amyloid beta-protein in the brain is a fundamental process in the development of Alzheimeris disease; however, the mechanism underlying aggregation of amyloid beta-protein remains to be determined. Here, we report that a membrane-mimicking environment, generated in the presence of detergents or a ganglioside, is sufficient per se for amyloid fibril formation from soluble amyloid beta-protein. Furthermore, hereditary variants of amyloid beta-protein, which are caused by amyloid precursor protein gene mutations, including the Dutch (E693Q), Flemish (A692G) and Arctic (E693G) types, show mutually different aggregation behavior in these environments. Notably, the Arctic-type amyloid beta-protein, in contrast to the wild-type and other variant forms, shows a markedly rapid and higher level of amyloid fibril formation in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or GM1 ganglioside. These results suggest that there are favorable local environments for fibrillogenesis of amyloid beta-protein.