Biocompatible evaluation of barium titanate foamed ceramic structures for orthopedic applications

The potential of barium titanate (BT) to be electrically active makes it a material of interest in regenerative medicine. To enhance the understanding of this material for orthopedic applications, the in vitro biocompatibility of porous BT fabricated using a direct foaming technique was investigated. Characterization of the resultant foams yielded an overall porosity between 50 and 70% with average pore size in excess of 30 mu m in diameter. A mouse osteoblast (7F2) cell line was cultured with the BT to determine the extent of the foams' toxicity using a LDH assay. After 72 h, BT foams showed a comparable cytotoxicity of 6.4 +/- 0.8% to the 8.4 +/- 1.5% of porous 45S5 Bioglass (R). The in vitro inflammatory response elicited from porous BT was measured as a function of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secreted from a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Results indicate that the BT foams do not cause a significant inflammatory response, eliciting a 9.4 +/- 1.3 pg of TNF-alpha per mL of media compared with 20.2 +/- 2.3 pg/mL from untreated cells. These results indicate that porous BT does not exhibit short term cytotoxicity and has potential for orthopedic tissue engineering applications. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.