The guanylyl cyclase-deficient mouse defines differential pathways of natriuretic peptide signaling

A genetic model of salt-resistant hypertension has been developed recently through disruption of the guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) natriuretic peptide receptor gene (Lopez, M. J., Wong, S. K., Kishimoto, I., Dubois, S., Mach, V., Friesen, J., Garbers, D. L., and Beuve, A. (1995) Nature 378, 65-68). These genetically altered mice were used to determine which of the natural peptides with natriuretic peptide-like structures regulate blood pressure through the GC-A receptor. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) half-maximally relaxed precontracted aortic rings in wild-type mice at about 24 nM, but failed to relax such aortas in GC-A null mice, even at micromolar concentrations. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), in contrast, caused half-maximal relaxation at concentrations of 335 and 146 nM in aortas from either wild-type or null mice, respectively, suggesting that this peptide acted through a receptor other than GC-A. Since the in vitro results with aortic smooth muscle do not necessarily reflect the physiology of the smaller blood vessels important in blood pressure regulation, the blood pressures of conscious mice infused with the various peptides were determined. ANP caused decreases in blood pressure when infused at rates of 500 ng/kg/min, a rate which resulted in a plasma concentration of 0.8 nM. In the null mice, in contrast, ANP failed to lower blood pressure even at infusion rates of 50 mu g/kg/min. Much higher infusion rates for CNP (50 mu g/kg/min), which yielded final plasma concentrations of 18.3 nM, were required to lower blood pressure in wild-type mice, but the effects of CNP were not altered in GC-A null mice. Thus, two natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP) act through GC-A whereas another (CNP) acts through another receptor to regulate blood pressure.