Buoyancy-driven convection with a uniform magnetic field. Part 2. Experimental investigation

In this paper, an experimental study of laminar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) buoyancy-driven how in a cylindrical cell with axis horizontal is described. A steady uniform magnetic field is applied vertically to the mercury-filled cell, which is also subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient. The main features of this internal MHD thermogravitational flow are made experimentally evident from temperature and electric potential measurements. Whatever the level of convection, raising the Hartmann number Ha to a value of the order of 10 is sufficient to stabilize an initially turbulent flow. At much higher values of the Hartmann number (Ha similar to 100) the MHD effects cause a change of regime from boundary-layer driven to core driven. In this latter regime an inviscid inertialess MHD core flow is bounded by a Hartmann layer on the horizontal cylindrical wall and viscous layers on the endwalls. Since the Hartmann layer is found to stay electrically inactive along the cell, the relevant asymptotic (Ha much greater than 1) laws for velocity and heat transfer are found from the balance between the curl of buoyancy and Lorentz forces in the core, together with the condition that the how of electric current between core and Hartmann layer is negligible. A modified Rayleigh number Ra-G/Ha(2), which is a measure of the ratio of thermal convection to diffusion when there is a balance between buoyancy and Lorentz forces, is the determining parameter for the flow.