Factors contributing to inherent varus alignment of lower limb in normal Asian adults: Role of tibial plateau inclination

Purpose: This prospective study aimed to evaluate radiographically, mechanical or hip-knee-ankle (HKA) axis in healthy, asymptomatic, Asian (Indian and Korean) adults between 20 and 40 years of age to determine the incidence of inherent varus (mechanical limb alignment of >3 degrees varus) and the factors influencing it. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-eight lower limbs were evaluated using full length, standing hip-to-ankle radiographs in 198 healthy, asymptomatic, Asian (Indian and Korean) adults between 20 and 40 years of age to assess the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), femoral bowing and femoral neck-shaft angle to determine the incidence of inherent varus (mechanical limb alignment of >3 degrees varus) and the factors influencing it. Results: Overall, the mean HKA angle was 177.6 degrees +/- 2.6 degrees with 34.5% of limbs in inherent varus (mean HKA angle 174.9 degrees +/- 1.8 degrees). The incidence of inherent varus was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in males (40%) compared to females (28%) but similar among Indian (34%) and Korean subjects (35%). The hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.82, p <0.001) with only the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). Conclusions: Inherent varus alignment of the lower limb is fairly common among asymptomatic, Asian adults. These results raise several pertinent questions regarding the role of inherent varus in the aetiopathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis and in lower limb realignment procedures. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.