Relationship between the intracellular daunorubicin concentration, expression of major vault protein/lung resistance protein and resistance to anthracyclines in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

In vitro resistance to anthracyclines is related to a poor prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using flow cytometry, we studied the contribution of daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation and retention, cell size, expression of the major vault protein/lung resistance protein (LRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) to the cytotoxicity of DNR (by MTT assay) in childhood ALL. The accumulated and retained DNR content was not related to the degree of DNR resistance, nor did the content differ between 53 initial and 20 relapse ALL samples (P > 0.05), although the latter were median two-fold more resistant to DNR (P = 0.004), Leukemic cell volume correlated with resistance to the anthracyclines DNR (Rs 0.32, P = 0.012) and idarubicin (Rs 0.46, P = 0.011) but not to other classes of drugs such as prednisolone, vincristine, L-asparaginase and etoposide. Relapsed patients had 1.5-fold larger cells than patients at initial diagnosis of ALL (P = 0.001). After cell volume correction, the intracellular DF IR concentration was lower in relapsed compared with initial ALL cells (eg 60 min accumulation, P = 0.003). Moreover, the intracellular DNR concentration inversely correlated with DNR resistance, both in the accumulation (Rs -0.44, P < 0.001) and retention (Rs -0.33, P = 0.016) test condition. The accumulated DNR concentration inversely correlated with expression of LRP (Rs -0.36, P = 0.012) but not with P-gp and MRP. Expression of LRP, but not of P-gp and MRP, significantly correlated with DNR resistance in childhood ALL (Rs 0.33, P = 0.03). In conclusion, the intracellular DNR concentration and the expression level of LRP may contribute to DNR resistance in childhood ALL. The strength of the correlations also indicates that resistance to anthracyclines can not be explained by one single mechanism.