Deformation of loaded articular cartilage prepared for scanning electron microscopy with rapid freezing and freeze-substitution fixation

To investigate the effect of joint loading on collagen fibers in articular cartilage, 45 knees of adult rabbits were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The knees were loaded at the patella with a simulated ''quadriceps force'' of 0.5-4 times body weight for 0.5 or 25 minutes, plunge-frozen, and fixed by freeze-substitution with aldehydes. Six knees were loaded for 3 hours and then fixed conventionally. Fixed tibial plateaus were examined and then freeze-fractured through the area of tibiofemoral contact, dried, coated, and examined by scanning electron microscopy to assess the overall deformation of the tibial articular surface and matrix collagen fibers. With tissue prepared by conventional fixation used as a standard, the quality of fixation was graded by light and transmission electron microscopy of patellar cartilage taken from half of the freeze-fixed knees. In loaded specimens, an indentation was present where the femur contacted the tibial plateau. The diameter and apparent depth of the dent were proportional to the magnitude and duration of the load; no dent was seen in the controls. The thickness of the cartilage at the center of the indentation was reduced 15-80%. Meniscectomy always produced larger deformations in otherwise equivalent conditions. Ice-crystal damage to cells was evident by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, but at magnifications as high as x30,000 the collagen fibrils prepared by freeze-substitution and conventional aqueous methods were identical. In loaded regions, the collagen matrix of the tibial cartilage was deformed in two ways: (a) radial collagen fibers exhibited a periodic crimp, and (b) in regions where an indentation was created by the femoral condyle, the radial fibers were bent, in effect creating a tangential zone where none had existed before. The redial fibers apparently are loaded axially and buckle under normal loads.