Optimization and scale-up of a new photobleaching agar extraction process from Gracilaria lemaneiformis

An eco-friendly photobleaching extraction process for agar extraction from the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis was developed for the benefit of workers' health and environmental safety. Here we report the optimization of key process parameters (alkali modification concentration, photobleaching duration, algal length and screen filter opening size) in order to scale up this new technique. The optimal conditions were found to be modification by 3-5% NaOH, photobleaching for 5 h, using algal fragments 2 -4 cm in length, and a filter screen with a 6 mu m opening. A 20-L agar extraction reactor was thus constructed, and the scale-up of the agar extraction process was tested in six batch experiments. The resulting agar quality was similar to that of the laboratory-scale extraction. In addition, batch-to-batch reproducibility was excellent. The results demonstrate the excellent scale-up ability and potential application of this new photobleaching agar extraction process on a commercial scale. The agar yield and gel strength for 5% NaOH modified agar were 26.8% and 1,897 g cm(-2), while those for 3% NaOH modified agar were 28.2% and 1,287 g cm(-2), respectively. It is clear that the agar yield and quality can be manipulated via alkali modification in this new eco-friendly extraction to meet market demands.