Avian integumentary surgery

This article reviews the gross and histologic anatomy of avian skin with a primary focus on the vascular supply and innervation that would be relevant for the surgeon. A thorough examination of the structure of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues is done to familiarize the surgeon with the important differences between mammals and birds that can influence surgical outcome. A synopsis of avian inflammation is also included to provide an understanding of the differences between avian and mammalian inflammation pertinent to wound healing. A brief discussion is made of the surgical equipment, appropriate suture selection, general principles of avian cutaneous surgery, and postoperative care. Final emphasis is placed on the application of skin grafts, flaps, and cutaneous procedures for disease entities unique or especially problematic in avian species. Each section attempts to collate information from diverse medical and biological sources to provide a reliable reference for future use. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.