The effect of walking speed on hamstrings length and lengthening velocity in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Children with cerebral palsy often walk with reduced knee extension in terminal swing, which can be associated with short length or slow lengthening velocity of hamstrings muscles during gait. This study investigated the role of two factors that may contribute to such short and slow hamstrings: walking speed and spasticity. 17 children with spastic cerebral palsy and 11 matched typically developing children walked at comfortable, slow, and fast walking speed. Semitendinosus muscle-tendon length and velocity during gait were calculated using musculoskeletal modeling. Spasticity of the hamstrings was tested in physical examination. Peak hamstrings length increased only slightly with walking speed, while peak hamstrings lengthening velocity increased strongly. After controlling for these effects of walking speed, spastic hamstrings acted at considerably shorter length and slower velocity during gait than normal, while non-spastic hamstrings did not (all P < 0.001). These data are important as a reference for valid interpretation of hamstrings length and velocity data in gait analyses at different walking speeds. The results indicate that the presence of spasticity, is associated with reduced hamstrings length and lengthening velocity during gait, even at constant walking speed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.