pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography

A recently developed preparative technique, pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography (CCC), separates organic acids and bases according to their pK(a) and hydrophobicity. The hydrodynamic mechanism of pH-zone-refining CCC is illustrated in two elution modes along with a simple mathematical analysis. Separations include acidic and basic derivatives of amino acids and peptides, hydroxyxanthene dyes, alkaloids, indole auxins, and structural and geometrical isomers. Tn addition, recently developed affinity ligand separations of enantiomers, polar catecholamines, and free peptides are also described. Technical guidance is provided for interested users so that they can conduct a systematic search for the optimum solvent system and experimental conditions. Advantages as well as limitations of the present technique are discussed.