A role for ecdysteroids in the induction and maintenance of the pharate first instar diapause of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar

Several lines of evidence suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for diapause regulation in the gypsy moth. We propose that ecdysteroids play a role in the induction and maintenance of the pharate first instar larval diapause in this species, A 55 kDa gut protein that is indicative of diapause is expressed in intact and neck-ligated pharate larvae but is not expressed when a ligature is placed posterior to the prothorax, site of the prothoracic gland, Guts cultured in vitro for 12 h cease to synthesize the 55 kDa protein, but synthesis of the protein resumes if the culture medium is enriched with a prothorax extract from pharate larvae or a prothoracic gland extract from fifth instar larvae, Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone or the ecdysteroid agonist, RH-5992, into isolated abdomens stimulates synthesis of the diapause-specific 55 kDa protein, suggesting that the essential factor from the prothorax is an ecdysteroid, KK-42, an imidazole derivative known to inhibit ecdysteroid biosynthesis, averts diapause when applied to prediapausing pharate first instar larvae, but this effect can be countered by application of 20-hydroxyecdysone or RH-5992, i.e. KK-42 treated pharate larvae that are exposed to an ecdysteroid or RH-5992 readily enter diapause, A chilling period (120 days at 5 degrees C) is normally adequate to prompt an immediate termination of diapause when pharate larvae are transferred to 25 degrees C, but if such larvae are held in hanging drop cultures with ecdysteroids they fail to terminate diapause, Together, these results suggest that ecdysteroids are essential for the induction and maintenance of diapause and imply that a drop in the ecdysteroid titer is essential for diapause termination. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.