Determinants of helminth aggregation in natural host populations: individual differences or spatial heterogeneity?

We assessed the importance of spatial heterogeneity for the aggregation of helminth populations in the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Arvicolinae) using a previously published method which allows to analyse parasite aggregation at two host population levels. i.e., within and between spatial samples of the host population. In the main empirical material from Finnish Lapland (Pallasjarvi). all five helminth species were significantly aggregated within study sires, but only three rare species showed significant aggregation among sites. In all helminth species. the total aggregation was primarily (79-98%) determined by aggregation within sites, i.e., between host individuals. Despite the larger spatial scale and more heterogeneous landscape. the comparative material from South Finland (Luhanka) supported the generally high proportion of the total aggregation due to within-site heterogeneity. Despite the clear interspecific differences in patchiness of helminth populations, the proportion of the total aggregation due to among-sire heterogeneity did nor vary significantly among helminth species. Thr results indicate a link between aggregation at two population levels; species that showed strong within-site aggregation were also characterised by pronounced spatial heterogeneity and significant among-site aggregation.