Design and characterization of the anion-sensitive coiled-coil peptide

As a model for analyzing the role of charge repulsion in proteins and its shielding by the solvent, we designed a peptide of 37 amino acid residues that formed a homodimeric coiled-coil. The interface between thr coils consisted of hydrophobic Leu and Val residues, and 10 Lys residues per monomer were incorporated into the positions exposed to solvent. During the preparation of a disulfide-linked dimer in which the two peptides were linked in parallel by the two disulfide bonds located at the N and C terminals, a cyclic monomer with an intramolecular disulfide bond was also obtained. On the basis of CD and H-1-NMR, the conformational stabilities of these isomers and several reference peptides were examined. Whereas all these peptides were unfolded in the absence of salt at pH 4.7 and 20 degrees C, the addition of NaClO4 cooperatively stabilized the alpha-helical conformation. The crosslinking of the peptides by disulfide bonds significantly decreased the midpoint salt concentration of the transition. The H-1-NMR spectra in the presence of NnClO(4) suggested that, whereas the disulfide-bonded dimer assumed a native-like conformation, the cyclic monomer assumed a molten globule-like conformation with disordered side chains. However, thr cyclic monomer exhibited cooperative transitions against temperature and Gdn-HCl that were only slightly less cooperative than those of the disulfide-bonded parallel dimer. These results indicate that the charge repulsion critically destabilizes the native-like state as well as the molten globule-like state, and that the solvent-dependent charge repulsion may be useful for controlling the conformation of designed peptides.