Assessment of genetic linkage and parent-of-origin effects on obesity

Context: Obesity is a growing health care problem worldwide and is a major underlying risk factor for common diseases such as diabetes. Parent-of-origin effect has been reported to be involved in the development of obesity. But the genes with imprinting effects related to obesity are largely unknown. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify obesity-related genetic loci, both with and without imprinting effects. Design and Subjects: We conducted genome-wide linkage analyses for obesity with and without consideration of imprinting effects in a large sample including more than 4000 individuals. In addition to body mass index (BMI), we also used a more stringent and accurate obesity definition, which simultaneously considers BMI and percentage of fat mass (PFM) in a gender-specific manner. Simulations were performed to identify the genome-wide significant and suggestive significant thresholds. Results: In nonimprinted linkage analyses, we detected suggestive linkage at 2q31 (LOD = 2.23) and 16q22 (LOD = 1.87) for BMI and 2q37 ( LOD = 2.23) for BMI and PFM. Interestingly, 2q37 also achieved a significant maternal linkage with BMI and PFM ( LOD = 3.34) in imprinted linkage analyses. Imprinted linkage analyses revealed suggestive linkage evidence for BMI at three additional genomic regions, including 3p14 ( LOD = 2.20, paternal), 3q24 ( LOD = 1.97, maternal), and 19q13 ( LOD = 1.81, maternal). Conclusion: We reported linkage and imprinting effects for obesity on several chromosome regions and suggested the potential importance of parent-of-origin effects and phenotype definition of obesity in delineating the genetic basis of obesity.