Redox-mediated regulation of p21(waf1/cip1) expression involves a post-transcriptional mechanism and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

p21(waf1/cip1) gene expression is induced by DNA damage in cells with wild-type p53 and contributes to the arrest of cell growth. It was demonstrated that under many experimental conditions, including oxidative stress, p21(waf1/cip1) expression can be induced through p53 independent pathways. Since most of these experimental conditions induce the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and thus its activation, we evaluated p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA levels in cells exposed to an oxidative stress, induced by diethylmaleate (Et(2)Mal), and in which the MAPK pathway was blocked. The expression of a dominant-negative mutant of MEK, the MAPK kinase that phosphorylates and activates MAPK, and of a dominant-negative [Asn17]Ras mutant prevented the Et(2)Mal-induced accumulation of p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA. Similarly, the expression of MEK- and of [Asn17]Ras mutants decreased the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-mediated p21(waf1/cip1) induction. Furthermore, TPA-induced and serum-induced p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA accumulation was blocked by pretreating the cells with the antioxidant compound N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in these responses. p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA levels reached a maximum within 2 h of adding Et(2)Mal or TPA; however, the rate of transcription from a p21(waf1/cip1)-promoter construct did not increase during this period. In contrast, cells treated with actinomycin D show an increase of p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA stability after Et(2)Mal treatment. This result suggests that the increase in p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA at early times results from post-transcriptional regulatory events. Longer exposure to TPA may activate p21(waf1/cip1) gene transcription through an Sp1-dependent mechanism, while Et(2)Mal treatment gradually inhibits p21(waf1/cip1) gene transcription through oxidative changes that affect Sp1 binding to DNA.