Maternally derived yolk hormones vary in follicles of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta

The transfer of hormones from a female to her offspring is known to occur in egg laying vertebrates, and the potential for these early, maternally derived hormones to influence sex determination in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination is intriguing. In the present study, we examine variation in the concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol among three follicle size classes within a female painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and among females across four periods that span the pre- to post-nesting season. Females were collected, and both follicles and shelled eggs (when present) were harvested for hormone analysis. Progesterone levels did not vary seasonally. However, the concentration of progesterone did vary among and within follicle classes, and was primarily dependent upon ovulatory state: Recently ovulated follicles (as yolks within shelled eggs) contained significantly more progesterone than unovulated follicles. Concentrations of testosterone were low and did not vary either among size classes or across the season. Estradiol levels decreased with increasing follicle size and were higher later in the nesting season. Thus, hormone concentrations varied among follicle sizes and states but in patterns that differed among hormones. This variation has the potential to influence sex determination. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.