Protection of Low-Voltage DC Microgrids

In this paper, a low-voltage (LV) dc microgrid protection system design is proposed. The LV de microgrid is used to interconnect distributed resources and sensitive electronic loads. When designing an LV de microgrid protection system, knowledge from existing dc power systems can be used. However, in most cases, these systems use grid-connected rectifiers with current-limiting capability during dc faults. In contrast, an LV dc microgrid must be connected to an ac grid through converters with bidirectional power flow and, therefore, a different protection-system design is needed. In this paper, the operating principles and technical data of LV dc protection devices, both available and in the research stage, are presented. Furthermore, different fault-detection and grounding methods are discussed. The influence of the selected protection devices and grounding method on an LV dc microgrid is studied through simulations. The results show that it is possible to use available devices to protect such a system. Problems may arise with high-impedance ground faults which can be difficult to detect.