Influenza virus vaccination of patients with chronic lung disease

Study objectives: To evaluate the safety of, and mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by two influenza virus vaccine regimens in subjects with COPD, Design: Single-center, blinded, randomized, prospective clinical trial evaluating two vaccine regimens, Setting: Outpatient clinics of St, Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Participants: Volunteers (age range, 42 to 88 years) had preexisting COPD with severe obstruction to airflow on average, were male, and were not receiving immunosuppressive medication, Interventions: Twenty-nine volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either bivalent live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine (CAV) or saline solution placebo intranasally. All subjects also received an IM injection of trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (TW) simultaneously, Measurements and results: Clinical status and pulmonary function measured by spirometry did not change significantly after vaccination. Using hemagglutinins (H1 and H3 HA) which more closely resembled those in CAV, mean levels of anti-HA immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in nasal washings increased significantly after vaccination with CAV and TVV compared to prevaccination, but they did not increase significantly after TW and intranasal placebo, Mean levels of influenza A virus-stimulated interleukin-2 and -4 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells In vitro increased significantly after administration of the combination vaccine regimen and to a lesser extent after TVV and intranasal placebo compared to respective prevaccination levels, The timing of the cytokine response appeared different following CAV and TVV compared to TW and intranasal placebo, Conclusions: Intranasally administered CAV was safe when given with IM administered TVV and there may be an immunologic advantage to administration of the combination vaccine regimen compared to TW with intranasal placebo.