Math anxiety: Personal, educational, and cognitive consequences

Highly math-anxious individuals are characterized by a strong tendency to avoid math which ultimately undercuts their math competence and forecloses important career paths. But timed, on-line tests reveal math-anxiety effects on whole-number arithmetic problems (e.g., 46 + 27), whereas achievement tests show no competence differences. Math anxiety disrupts cognitive processing by compromising ongoing activity in working memory. although the causes of math anxiety are undetermined, some teaching styles are implicated as risk factors. We need research on the origins of math anxiety are undetermined, some teaching styles are implicated as risk factors. We need research on the origins of math anxiety and in its "signature" in brain activity to examine both its emotional and its cognitive components.