Formation and exudation of non-volatile products of the arabidiol triterpenoid degradation pathway in Arabidopsis roots

Triterpenoids produced by plants play important roles in the protection against biotic stress. Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana produce different triterpenoids, which include the tricyclic triterpene diol, arabidiol. In a degradation reaction induced by infection with the oomycete pathogen, Pythium irregulare, arabidiol is cleaved to the 11-carbon volatile homoterpene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and the 19-carbon ketone, apo-arabidiol. The arabidiol pathway and its volatile breakdown product DMNT have been implicated in the defense against P. irregulare infection. Here we show that the non-volatile breakdown product apo-arabidiol is further converted to the acetylated derivative alpha-14-acetyl-apo-arabidiol via a presumed epimerization and subsequent acetylation reaction. alpha-14-acetyl-apo-arabidiol and the detected intermediates in the derivatization pathway are partially exuded from the root indicating possible defensive activities of these molecules in the rhizosphere. The conversion steps of apo-arabidiol vary among different Arabidopsis accessions and are present in only rudimentary form in the close relative Arabidopsis lyrata, which supports an intra- and inter-specific modularity in triterpenoid metabolism.