Polyadenylation factor CPSF-73 is the pre-mRNA 3′-end-processing endonuclease

Most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) undergo extensive maturational processing, including cleavage and polyadenylation at the 3'-end(1-8). Despite the characterization of many proteins that are required for the cleavage reaction, the identity of the endonuclease is not known(4,9,10). Recent analyses indicated that the 73-kDa subunit of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF-73) might be the endonuclease for this and related reactions(10-15), although no direct data confirmed this. Here we report the crystal structures of human CPSF-73 at 2.1 angstrom resolution, complexed with zinc ions and a sulphate that might mimic the phosphate group of the substrate, and the related yeast protein CPSF-100 (Ydh1) at 2.5 angstrom resolution. Both CPSF-73 and CPSF-100 contain two domains, a metallo-beta-lactamase domain and a novel beta-CASP ( named for metallo-beta-lactamase, CPSF, Artemis, Snm1, Pso2) domain(12). The active site of CPSF-73, with two zinc ions, is located at the interface of the two domains. Purified recombinant CPSF-73 possesses RNA endonuclease activity, and mutations that disrupt zinc binding in the active site abolish this activity. Our studies provide the first direct experimental evidence that CPSF-73 is the pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing endonuclease.