Augmented rectangular load flow model

This paper presents some improvements to the load flow solution in rectangular coordinates. First, in an attempt to use as linear a model as possible, both the nodal equations and the bus constraints are retained. The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is then applied to the enlarged set of equations, written in terms of bus voltages and currents. This scheme, combined with a simple procedure to handle PV buses, leads to a computationally efficient algorithm, particularly advantageous in the presence of zero-injection buses. Experimental results are provided comparing the performance of the proposed approach with that of the conventional formulation.