Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in iron-bearing phyllosilicates

Reviewed in this article are the effects of structural Fe oxidation states on the physicochemical properties of smectite clay minerals. Reducing agents selected were dithionite (S2O42-), sulfide (S2-), thiosulfate (S2O32-), hydrazine (N2H4), ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), hydroquinone (C6H6O2), and sodium oxalate (Na2C2H2O4). Clay samples were prepared as aqueous suspensions of < 2 mu m particle-size fractions of Na-saturated, freeze-dried ferruginous smectite. The reductive strength of each reducing agent, as determined by measuring the resultant level of Fe(II) in the clay mineral crystal using either a photo-colorimetric method or Mossbauer spectroscopy, decreased in the order S2O42- > S2- > C6H8O6 > S2O32- > C6H6O2 approximate to C2H2O4. The heat of reaction of three of these reducing agents with the clay was measured, and decreased in the order S2O42- > S2O32- > S2-. Compared to the order of reductive strength, the heats of reaction with S2O32- and S2- are reversed, suggesting that entropy changes are greater in the S2- treatment. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that free radicals may be responsible for the greatest levels of reductive potential, which provides an important attribute by which potential reducing agents can be screened. Measurements of rheological properties of oxidized and reduced clay suspensions indicated that structural Fe(II) increases the viscosity of clay suspensions as a result of greater attractive forces between clay particles. The type of bonding between particles has yet to be ascertained. Microbial reduction of the clay produces moderate to high levels of reduction and causes changes in physico-chemical properties similar to chemical reduction of the clay.