Effects on RNA interference in gene expression (RNAi) in cultured mammalian cells of mismatches and the introduction of chemical modifications at the 3′-ends of siRNAs

The highly specific posttranscriptional silencing of gene expression induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is known as RNA interference (RNAi) and has been demonstrated in plants, nematodes, Drosophila, and protozoa, as well as in mammalian cells. The suppression of expression of specific genes by chemically synthesized 21-nucleotide (21-nt) RNA duplexes has been achieved in various lines of mammalian cells, and this technique might prove to be a valuable tool in efforts to analyze biologic functions of genes in mammalian cells. In order to investigate the utility of potential modifications that can be introduced into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and also to study their functional anatomy, we synthesized different types of siRNA targeted to mRNA of Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2). Our detailed analysis demonstrated that siRNAs with only one mismatch, relative to the target, on the antisense strand had reduced RNAi effect, whereas the corresponding mutation on the sense strand did not interfere with the RNAi Moreover, one 2-hydroxyethylphosphate (hp) substitution at the Y-end of the antisense strand but not of the sense strand also prevented RNAi, whereas a related modification at the 3'-end of either strand, using 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene thymidine (eT), which is a component of ethylene-bridge nucleic acids (ENA), completely abolished RNAi These results support the hypothesis that the two strands have different functions in RNAi in cultured mammalian cells and indicate that their chemical modification of siRNAs at the Y-end of the sense strand exclusively is possible, without loss of RNAi activity, depending on the type of modification. Because modification at the Y-end of the antisense strand by hp or eT abolished the RNAi effect, it appears possible that the Y-end is recognized by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).