Survey of susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates to 26 antimicrobial agents:: a prospective US study

An antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates was performed during the winter of 1996-1997 in order to determine their susceptibilities to 5 fluoroquinolones and 21 other antimicrobial agents. Broth microdilution MICs were determined for 2,752 isolates from 51 U.S. medical centers. Of the 1,276 S. pneumoniae isolates, 64% were susceptible, 17% were intermediate, and 19% were highly resistant to penicillin. On the basis of the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited and modal MICs, the hierarchy of the five fluoroquinolones from most to least active was grepafloxacin > sparfloxacin > levofloxacin = ciprofloxacin > ofloxacin. For S. pneumoniae isolates for which penicillin MICs were elevated, the MICs of the cephalosporins, macrolides, clindamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were also elevated, but the MICs of the fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and rifampin were not. The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible pneumococci varied by U.S. Bureau of the Census region (range, 44% in the East South Central region to 75% in the Pacific region). In addition, S. pneumoniae isolates from blood were significantly more susceptible to penicillin than those from respiratory, ear, or eye specimens, and pneumococci from patients less than or equal to 2 years old were significantly more resistant to penicillin than those from older patients (by chi-square analysis, P < 0.05). beta-Lactamase was produced by 35% of H. influenzae isolates and 93% of M. catarrhalis isolates, resulting in increased MICs of amoxicillin and certain cephalosporins. We noted that the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae isolates, which correlate with the penicillin susceptibility phenotype, vary by site of infection, age group of the patient, and geographic source of the isolate.