Characteristics of shoulder-position sense: Effects of mode of movement, scapular support, and arm orientation

Context. Although the repositioning test is widely used to evaluate proprioception, the effects of several test-associated variables on the test outcome are not known. Objective: To determine the effects of mode of movement, scapular support, and arm orientation on shoulder-position sense. Participants: 49 healthy, randomly selected men. Methods: The repositioning test was conducted in 4 settings in which mode of movement, scapular support, and arm orientation were manipulated differently. Main Outcome Measure: Position-sense acuity was quantified as repositioning accuracy and consistency. Results: Active limb movement significantly enhanced repositioning accuracy and consistency compared with passive movement. Repositioning consistency was significantly better when the scapula was supported than when it was not. Arm orientation had no significant effect on repositioning accuracy and consistency. Conclusion: The protocol for evaluating or rehabilitating shoulder proprioception should include active limb movement with the scapula unsupported to ensure that it reflects a patient's proprioceptive demand during functional activities.