CYP3A4-V and prostate cancer in African Americans: causal or confounding association because of population stratification?

CYP3A4-V, an A to G promoter variant associated with prostate cancer in African Americans, exhibits large differences in allele frequency between populations. Given that the African American population is genetically heterogeneous because of its African ancestry and subsequent admixture with European Americans, case-control studies with African Americans are highly susceptible to spurious associations. To test for association with prostate cancer, we genotyped CYP3A4-V in 1376 (2 N) chromosomes from prostate cancer patients and age- and ethnicity-matched controls representing African Americans, Nigerians, and European Americans. To detect population stratification among the African American samples, 10 unlinked genetic markers were genotyped. To correct for the stratification, the uncorrected association statistic was divided by the average of association statistics across the 10 unlinked markers. Sharp differences in CYP3A4-V frequencies were observed between Nigerian and European American controls (0.87 and 0.10, respectively; P < 0.0001). African Americans were intermediate (0.66). An association uncorrected for stratification was observed between CYP3A4-V and prostate cancer in African Americans (P = 0.007). A nominal association was also observed among European Americans (P = 0.02) but not Nigerians. In addition, the unlinked genetic marker test provided strong evidence of population stratification among African Americans. Because of the high level of stratification, the corrected P-value was not significant (P = 0.25). Follow-up studies on a larger dataset will be needed to confirm whether the association is indeed spurious; however, these results reveal the potential for confounding of association studies by using African Americans and the need for study designs that take into account substructure caused by differences in ancestral proportions between cases and controls.